Changing Use Of Language Essay Example For Students

Changing Use Of Language Essay I decided to discover the entomology of a word that a great many people can for the most part not experience a day without utilizing at any rate once, PC. With the blast of the PC over the most recent ten years, most family units in America own at any rate one. Be that as it may, the importance of the word PC has changed in the only remaining century. The word itself is found in text as far back as 1646 when Sir T. Earthy colored stated, The schedules of these PCs. The utilization of PC in this sense, as characterized by the OED, is one who registers; a mini-computer, reckoner; an individual utilized to make computations in an observatory, in studying, etc.Then, around 1897, the utilization of PC started to change. In the January 22 version of Engineering, this use showed up: This was a PC made by Mr. W. Cox. He depicted it as of the idea of a round slide rule. This use started the difference in the definition. In the enhancement to the OED, PC is currently characterized as an ascert aining machine; a programmed electronic gadget for performing numerical or intelligent operation.The word PC comes from the action word process which originated from the French comput-r and the Latin computa-re. It was shaped by adding com together and putare to clear up, settle, figure. Together, process intends to gauge or decide by arithmetical or numerical retribution; to figure, figure, check. At that point from the word process, the postfix er was included giving us the definitions we have for PC today.2) with an end goal to additionally get language, the field of psycholinguistics shaped to examine the mental side of language. Language has various capacities, for example, correspondence, communicating feeling, clarifying thoughts, to make connections, and recording thoughts. Without the utilization of language, it would be about difficult to clarify the historical backdrop of anything. Language takes into account the correspondence that is essential for endurance. It isn't ju st people who profit by language either. Honey bees utilize an intricate arrangement of a move and buzz to show the hive where to discover food, and feathered creatures utilize various peeps to communicate.One psycholinguistic, Hockett, said that all dialects have a few perspectives that are the equivalent at some level which he called Linguistic Universals. One part of Linguistic Universals is the communicated transmission, which says that language is open and that anybody around the message will get it. Another part of language is that it is fast blurring, or on the off chance that you dont get it immediately, you wont get it by any means. Hockett likewise said that language is discretionary. An article could really be called anything anybody needs to call it. On the whole, Hockett thought of nine viewpoints that all dialects have in common.In request to get language, Chomsky accepted that there were four levels required. The first of his four levels was the Lexicon. He portrayed the Lexicon as a psychological word reference. It takes into account perceiving words in setting, realizing how to articulate the word in its unique situation, and how the word is utilized in various grammatical forms. Chomskys second level was known as the Phonemic level. This portrayed the phonemes or the littlest unit of sound in the language. For each language there are a countable number of sounds that make it up. For instance, the Chinese language has no stable for the English L or R. The English language is comprised of 40 to 50 particular sounds while the Hawaiian language has just eleven.His third level required for understanding language is the Morphemic level. This level comprises of morphemenes, which are the littlest unit of significance of an articulation. This clarifies the use of prefixes and postfixes, for example, the utilization of a s to make a word plural.The last level Chomsky used to comprehend language was the Syntactic level. This level comprised of the lang uage structure or the structure of the articulation. This level was utilized to clarify the comprehension of how a sentence was assembled. Chomsky said that there were two sections to each sentence, the surface structure and the profound structure. The surface structure contains the words that are utilized to make the articulation and grammar. The profound structure was the importance of .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa , .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa .postImageUrl , .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa , .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa:hover , .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa:visited , .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa:active { border:0!important; } .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa:active , .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa:hover { darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u c71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213 390775aa .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc71e9b5e543c3aeddf43b213390775aa:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The catastrophe in Julius Caesar Essay

Petroleum Crisis Essay -- Oli Shortage

Oil Crisis Everybody needs machines, for example, toasters, microwaves and refrigerators to be modest despite the fact that they are rich, however shouldn't something be said about the needy individuals or purported white collar class. What will they do if the costs are too high to even consider affording? Oil is something that we as a whole need to go all around, in any case the greater part of us do; four to five years prior, when I initially came to Canada, the gas costs were very low, yet in the previous 2-3 years, it is as yet expanding state-of-the-art. Costs of toasters and oil and so on shouldn’t increment since we are getting our expenses cut and on that our degree of cost for the gas has expanded, which makes our lives hard and repetitive. Gases, Petrol are fundamental devices for the 21st century. It is something that all the individuals need to go from spots to places since utilizing transports gets costly over the long haul. This emergency started simply because the Middle East started to charge more for their barrel. This happened on the grounds that they understood that they are giving their petroleum for less, when they could be making significantly more selling a similar amount, which is reasonable. They can charge anything they desire since it is their own Gasoline and they can do anything they desire with it. Canada has Alberta to help them a great deal with the misfortunes of Petroleum and charges of it since it has it’s own oilrig, from where oil is delivered, and can help them by giving the oil locally so the gas costs won't be that high. The administration for some obscure motivation to the open ar... Oil Crisis Essay - Oli Shortage Oil Crisis Everybody needs apparatuses, for example, toasters, microwaves and ice chests to be modest despite the fact that they are rich, however shouldn't something be said about the destitute individuals or purported white collar class. What will they do if the costs are too high to even think about affording? Oil is something that we as a whole need to go here and there, at any rate the vast majority of us do; four to five years back, when I previously came to Canada, the gas costs were very low, yet in the previous 2-3 years, it is as yet expanding modern. Costs of toasters and oil and so forth shouldn’t increment since we are getting our expenses cut and on that our degree of cost for the gas has expanded, which makes our lives hard and repetitive. Gases, Petrol are basic apparatuses for the 21st century. It is something that all the individuals need to go from spots to places since utilizing transports gets costly over the long haul. This emergency started simply because the Middle East started to charge more for their barrel. This happened on the grounds that they understood that they are giving their petroleum for less, when they could be making significantly more selling a similar amount, which is reasonable. They can charge anything they desire since it is their own Gasoline and they can do anything they desire with it. Canada has Alberta to help them a great deal with the misfortunes of Petroleum and charges of it since it has it’s own oilrig, from where oil is delivered, and can help them by giving the oil locally so the gas costs won't be that high. The legislature for some obscure motivation to the open ar...

Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment

Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment BPD Treatment Print Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment Psychotherapy, Medications, Hospitalization, and Self-Help By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 11, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on February 11, 2020 Hill Street Studios / Blend Images / Getty Images More in BPD Treatment Diagnosis Living With BPD Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Psychotherapy Medications Hospitalization Self Help Emergency Situations View All Back To Top There are a variety of effective treatments for borderline personality disorder (BPD). What treatments seem to work best, and what should I know about the options available? Overview Usually, BPD is treated with a combination of medication and psychotherapy,?? although during times of crisis, individuals with BPD may require brief periods of hospitalization to remain safe. More recently, self-help tools have been developed to supplement traditional treatments for BPD. Psychotherapy Long-term outpatient psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is an important part of any treatment for BPD. Research has shown that several types of psychotherapy are effective in reducing the symptoms of BPD,?? including: Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was the first form of psychotherapy found to be effective for people with borderline personality disorder (BPD.) DBT is a form of cognitive behavior therapy which focuses on how thoughts and beliefs can lead to actions and behaviors. In this therapy, people learn how to manage distress, and learn skills to help them cope with strong emotions. Mindfulness is a component of this approach.Schema-Focused TherapySchema-focused therapy is an integrative psychotherapy incorporating aspects from cognitive behavior therapy and psychoanalytic theories. Schema-focused therapy operates with the thought that unmet needs from childhood can lead to unhealthy ways of thinking about the world. This therapy focuses on challenging these maladaptive beliefs and behaviors and focusing on healthier ways of thinking and coping.Mentalization-Based TherapyMentalization-based therapy has been studied for BPD and may help with anxiety and dep ression as well as social functioning. This therapy focuses on helping the client to recognize mental states â€" her own thoughts and feelings, as well as the thoughts and feelings of others she communicates with. Through recognition, she is then able to see how these thoughts contribute to her behavior or the behavior of others.Transference-Focused PsychotherapyTransference-focused psychotherapy has been studied for BPD and may be as good or better than dialectical behavior therapy according to these studies. This therapy uses the concept of transference â€" transferring feelings and expectations from early relationships on to a person in the present, which is a key concept in psychodynamic therapies. Transference-focused psychotherapy utilizes the relationship between the client and the therapist so that the therapist can see how a client relates to others. The therapist can then use this awareness to help a person respond more effectively in their other relationships. Find Psychotherapy With These Online Therapy Programs Medications Although there are currently no medications for borderline personality disorder approved by the FDA, research has shown that some medications do reduce certain symptoms of the disorder.?? Medication may be particularly effective for BPD when it is used in conjunction with psychotherapy. In addition to helping with BPD symptoms, medications may help with co-existing mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression. Some of the most commonly prescribed medications for BPD include: Antidepressants - Antidepressants may help with feelings of depression and anxiety.Antipsychotics - Antipsychotics were some of the first medications used to treat BPD and may be particularly helpful for some of the more problematic symptoms of BPD such as anger, impulsivity and paranoid thinking.Anxiolytics (anti-anxiety medications) - Anxiety can go hand in hand with BPD making some of these medications helpful, yet some of these are a double-edged sword due to their addictive potential.Mood stabilizers/anticonvulsants - Mood stabilizers may help with impulsivity and emotional reactivity. Other potential treatments, such as omega-3-fatty acids, are also being explored. The best evidence for medication benefit in BPD involve second generation antipsychotics and mood stabilizers. The best way to see which, if any, medication options are right for you is to speak with your doctor or psychiatrist. They can help iron out a plan of action for getting symptoms under control. Borderline Personality Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Hospitalization Borderline personality disorder is associated with very intense emotional experiences. Sometimes people with BPD are admitted to a psychiatric hospital to maintain safety. Inpatient treatment requires you to stay overnight in the hospital. Another treatment option is partial hospitalization or day treatment. These are programs that are more intensive than traditional outpatient psychotherapy but do not require you to stay overnight. You may be enrolled in a partial hospital or day program if you may be headed toward a crisis, or if you have just been discharged from inpatient hospitalization and need a period of more intensive treatment to make sure the crisis does not reemerge. Self Help Self-help strategies for BPD are an essential part of any treatment program. Of course, these should be used to supplement care from a qualified therapist and not alone. An ideal plan includes learning as much as you can about your disorder through self-help education, learning healthy coping skills for BPD, and finding ways to help you express and manage your emotions. There are valuable self-help resources available for BPD that can be used in conjunction with more traditional forms of treatment. Books and online resources offer information about BPD and suggest ways to cope with the symptoms. What to Do in an Emergency If you or someone you love is experiencing a mental health emergency, it is critical that you get help immediately. Call 911 or go to your nearest emergency room. If there is evidence that you (or your loved one) are a danger to yourself or others, you may be admitted for a brief hospital stay on an inpatient psychiatric unit until the crisis has passed. Its recommended that anyone living with BPD put together a safety plan for BPD. In this plan, you can anticipate a crisis and make a plan for exactly how you will address your feelings before they become an emergency.

To What Extent Was Late Nineteenth-Century and Early...

APUSH To what extent was late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century United States expansionism a continuation of past United States expansionism and to what extent was it a departure? Throughout the history of the United States, America had a desire to expand its boundaries. The United States acquired most of its land during the nineteenth and early twentieth century with a brief break during the Civil War and Reconstruction. However, the way America went about graining new lands drastically changed from non-aggressive means in the beginning to extremely aggressive means towards the end. This essay will depict the extent to how late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century United States expansionism was a continuation†¦show more content†¦The foreign policies that President Roosevelt employed were ultra aggressive. The foreign policies were heavily enforced using his newly built naval force, the arm of offensive power, as a way to conquer the world, an idea brought to Roosevelt’s attention due to Alfred T. Mahan’s The Interest of America in Sea Power. Mahans article claimed that America must go forth with expansionism, for an â€Å"increasing volume of public sentiment demands it†, â€Å"the growing production of the country demands it†, and that â€Å"the Americans must now look onward† (Doc. C). Mahans tactics were heavily reliant on naval forces. He believed that â€Å"Three things are needful: first, protection of the chief harbors, by fortifications and coast-defense ships...Secondly, naval force, the arm of offensive power, which alone enables a country to extend its influence outward† and â€Å"thirdly, no foreign state should henceforth acquire a coaling position within three thousand miles of San Francisco† (Doc. C) Aside from these, the economy was the factor running most constantly through expansionism and imperialism. During expansionism, Americans were looking to spread out, enjoy their own property, farm their land, and make their lives better. Imperialists’ desire was also to fuel the economy. People saw other lands as a way to get the â€Å"needed† materials they couldn’t get elsewhere. Theodore Roosevelt and all Americans saw the land as a place where they couldShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

The And Criminal Law For Misappropriation Of Personal...

Question set 1 1. Who can sign a medical release form (authorization) to obtain PHI? According to Gartee (2011), Privately Held Information is meant to be safeguarded, but there are times when the information in them is needed for varied purposes. When that is the case, then authorization can be given by the patient or the healthcare provided. A patient that is incapacitated will need a guardian to sign. At the same time, a minor can also use a guardian to sign the release form on behalf of the patient. Within the release form, there should be the name of the facility with holding the PHI; the specific information needed to be released, the name of the person the PHI is released to and the purpose of the release (Iyer et al., 2006). 2. What are the civil and criminal penalties for misappropriation of personal health information (PHI)? Misappropriation of PHI involves staff of the health facilities or any other person that is not authorized to have the health information of another. For that the penalties according to the US Department of Justice are; a penalty of up to fifty thousand dollars and incarceration of up to one year for those who knowingly obtain and disclose PHI of another person. Iyer et al. (2006) further agrees that, One hundred thousand dollars is the penalty for accessing PHI under pretense and incarceration of up to five years. Obtaining PHI for the purpose of selling, using for personal gain, malice or using them for commercial purposes attract aShow MoreRelatedThe Medical Hospital1166 Words   |  5 Pagesand one act of selfishness. The misuse of cellphones and social media within the hospital staff can lead to serious cases against the hospital as well as the staff member involves. Security provision such as Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act know as HIPAA, legal, Regulatory law is design to protect client when technology is use in such a way to attack the client privacy, however the use of these technological tool smartphone and social media is not all detrimental to healthcare just

Harshad Mehta Scam Free Essays

string(95) " must recognize that as long as the scam lasted, the banks benefited from such an arrangement\." Harshad Mehta scam: Harshad Mehta  was an Indian stockbroker and is alleged to have engineered the rise in the BSE stock exchange in the year 1992. Exploiting several loopholes in the banking system, Harshad and his associates siphoned off funds from inter-bank transactions and bought shares heavily at a premium across many segments, triggering a rise in the Sensex. When the scheme was exposed, the banks started demanding the money back, causing the collapse. We will write a custom essay sample on Harshad Mehta Scam or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was later charged with 72 criminal offenses and more than 600 civil action suits were filed against him. He died in 2002 with many litigations still pending against him. 3. 1 Ready Forward Deal (RF): †¢ The crucial mechanism through which the scam was effected was the Ready Forward deal. †¢ The Ready Forward Deal (RF) is in essence a secured short term (typically 15 day) loan from one bank to another bank. The lending is done against Government Securities exactly the way a pawnbroker lends against jewelry. †¢ In fact one can say that the borrowing bank actually sells the securities to the lending bank and buys them back at the end of the period of the loan at (typically) a slightly higher price. It was this RF deal that Harshad Mehta and his associates used with great success to channel money from banking system. 3. 2 The Mechanics of the Scam: As explained above, a ready forward deal is, in substance, a secured loan from one bank to another. To make the scam possible , the RF had to undergo a complete change. In other words it practically had to become an unsecured loan to broker. This was wonderfully engineered by the brokers. To give a better understanding of the mechanism, the whole process has been segregated into 3 different parts. . The settlement process 2. Payment cheques 3. Dispensing the security 1. The settlement Process: ? The normal settlement process in government securities is that the transacting banks make payments and deliver the securities directly to each other. ? During the scam, however, the banks or at least some banks adopted an alternative settlement process which was similar to the process used for settling transactions in the stock market. ? In this settlement process, deliveries of securities and payments are made through the broker. That is, the seller hands over the securities to the broker who passes them on to the buyer, while the buyer gives the cheque to the broker who then makes the payment to the seller. ? In this settlement process, the buyer and the seller may not even know whom they have traded with, both being known only to the broker. ? There were two important reasons why the broker intermediated settlement began to be used in the government securities markets. ? The brokers instead of merely bringing buyers and sellers together started taking positions in the market. In other words, they started trading on their own account, and in a sense became market makers in some securities thereby imparting greater liquidity to the markets. ? When a bank wanted to conceal the fact that it was doing an RF deal, the broker came in handy. The broker provided contract notes for this purpose with fictitious counter parties, but arranged for the actual settlement to take place with the correct counter party. 2. Payment Cheques: ? A broker intermediated settlement allowed the broker to lay his hands on the cheque as it went from one bank to another through him. The hurdle now was to find a way of crediting the cheque to his account though it was drawn in favor of a bank and was crossed account payee. ? As it happens, it is purely a matter of banking custom that an account payee cheque is paid only to the payee mentioned on the cheque. In fact, exceptions were being made to this norm, well before the scam came to light. ? Privileged (corporate) customers were routinely allowed to credit account payee cheques in favour of a bank into their own accounts to avoid clearing delays, thereby reducing the interest lost on the amount. Normally, if a customer obtains a cheque in his own favour and deposits it into his own account, it may take a day or two for the cheque to be cleared and for the funds to become available to the customer. At 15% interest, the interest loss on a clearing delay of two days for a Rs. 100 crores cheque is about Rs. 8 lakhs. ? On the other hand, when banks make payments to each other by writing cheques on their account with the RBI, these cheques are cleared on the same day. ? The practice which thus emerged was that a customer would obtain a cheque drawn on the RBI favoring not himself but his bank. The bank would get the money and credit his account the same day. ? This was the practice which the brokers in the money market exploited to their benefit. 3. Dispensing the security: ? The brokers thus found a way of getting hold of the cheques as they went from one bank to another and crediting the amounts to their accounts. This effectively transformed an RF into a loan to a broker rather than to a bank. ? But this, by itself, would not have led to the scam because the RF after all is a secured loan, and a secured loan to a broker is still secured. What was necessary now was to find a way of eliminating the security itself! There are three routes adopted for this purpose: 1. Some banks (or rather their officials) were persuaded to part with cheques without actually receiving securities in return. A simple explanation of this is that the officials concerned were bribed and/or negligent. A more intriguing possibility is that the banks’ senior/top management were aware of this and turned a Nelson’s eye to it to benefit from higher returns the brokers could offer by diverting the funds to the stock market. One must recognize that as long as the scam lasted, the banks benefited from such an arrangement. You read "Harshad Mehta Scam" in category "Papers" The management of banks might have been sorely tempted to adopt this route to higher profitability. 2. The second route was to replace the actual securities by a worthless piece of paper – a fake Bank Receipt (BR). This is discussed in greater detail in the next section. 3. The third method was simply to forge the securities themselves. In many cases, PSU bonds were represented only by allotment letters rather than certificates on security paper. And it is easier to forge an allotment letter for Rs. 100 crores worth of securities than it is to forge a 100 rupee note! Outright forgery of this kind however accounted for only a very small part of the total funds misappropriated 3. Bank Receipt: ? In an RF deal, as we have discussed it so far, the borrowing bank delivers the actual securities to the lender and takes them back on repayment of the loan. In practice, however, this is not usually done. Instead, the borrower gives a Bank Receipt (BR) which serves three functions: ? The BR confirms the sale of securities. ? It acts as a receipt for the money received by the selling bank. Hence the name – bank receipt. ? It promises to deliver the securities to the buyer. It also states that in the meantime the seller holds the securities in trust for the buyer. ? In short, a BR is something like an IOU (I owe you securities! ), and the use of the BR de facto converts an RF deal into an unsecured loan. The lending bank no longer has the securities; it has only the borrower’s assurance that the borrower has the securities which can/will be delivered if/when the need arises. BRs issued without Backing of Securities: ? As stated earlier, a BR is supposed to imply that the issuer actually has the securities and holds them in trust for the buyer. But in reality the issuer may not have the securities at all. ? There are two reasons why a bank may issue a BR, which is not backed by actual securities: 1. A bank may short sell securities, that is, it sells securities it does not have. This would be done if the bank thinks that the prices of these securities would decrease. Since this would be an outright sale (not an RF! ), the bank issues a BR. When the securities do fall in value, the bank buys them at lower prices and discharges the BR by delivering the securities sold. Short selling in some form is an integral part of most bond markets in the world. It can be argued that some amount of shortselling subject to some degree of regulation is a desirable feature of a bond market. In our opinion, an outright sale using a BR, which is not backed by securities, is not harmful per se though it violates the RBI guidelines. 2. The second reason is that the bank may simply want an unsecured loan. It may then do an RF deal issuing a â€Å"fake† BR which is a BR without any securities to back them. The lending bank would be under a mistaken impression that it is making a secured loan when it is actually advancing an unsecured loan. Obviously, lenders should have taken measures to protect themselves from such a possibility During the scam, the brokers perfected the art of using fake BRs to obtain unsecured loans from the banking system. They persuaded some small and little known banks – the Bank of Karad (BOK) and the Metropolitan Cooperative Bank (MCB) – to issue BRs as and when required. These BRs could then be used to do RF deals with other banks. The cheques in favour of BOK were, of course, credited into the brokers’ accounts. In effect, several arge banks made huge unsecured loans to the BOK/MCB which in turn made the money available to the brokers. 4. Breakdown of the Control system in scam: ? The scam was made possible by a complete breakdown of the control system both within the commercial banks as well as the control system of the RBI itself. ? We shall examine these control systems to understand how these failed to function effectively and what lessons can be learnt to prevent fai lure of control systems in the future. ? The internal control system of the commercial banks involves the following features: 1. Separation of Functions: The different aspects of securities transactions of a bank, namely dealing, custody and accounting are carried out by different persons. 2. Counterparty Limits: The moment an RF deal is done on the basis of a BR rather than actual securities, the lending bank has to contend with the possibility that the BR received may not be backed by any/adequate securities. In effect, therefore, it may be making an unsecured loan, and it must do the RF only if it is prepared to make an unsecured loan. This requires assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower and assigning him a â€Å"credit limit† up to which the bank is prepared to lend. Technically, this is known as a counterparty limit. 5. Other Aspects of the scam: ? There are several aspects of the scam which are closely related to the securities markets, but which are different from the operational aspect of the markets. ? These pertain to information that can cause significant changes in the prices of securities as well as the information supplied by the commercial banks on their financial performance. ? On each occasion the coupon rate was increased by 1/2%, thereby raising the coupon rate from 11. 5% to 13% during this ten month period. The major implication of raising interest rate on new borrowings is that it would trigger a fall in the market prices of the old loans which are pegged at the old (lower) interest rates. The price of the 11. 5% Government Loan 2010 dropped by 3% to 5% with each coupon rate hike. If anyone has advance information about these changes in the coupon rates, he could make enormous amounts of riskless profit by short selling the old securities just before the announcement of rate hike and buying back (covering his position) after the prices have fallen. ? Somebody who took a short position of Rs. 00 crores before the coupon hike of September 1991 could have made a profit of Rs. 15 crores, practically overnight! Since several persons in the Finance Ministry and the RBI are likely to be aware of the impending hike in the coupon rate, the chance of leakage of this all important information is always there. ? There have been several allegations in this regard. However, it will probably be very difficult to prove with any degree of certainty that there was insider trading based on information about coupon rate changes, because of the size of the market. With a daily trading volume of Rs. 3000 – 4000 crores, it would have been very easy for anyone to take a position (based on inside information) of Rs. 500 or even Rs. 1000 crores without anyone suspecting anything untoward. 6. Impact of the scam: ? The immediate impact of the scam was a sharp fall in the share prices. The index fell from 4500 to 2500 representing a loss of Rs. 100,000 crores in market capitalization. [pic] ? Since the accused were active brokers in the stock markets, the number of shares which had passed through their hands in the last one year was colossal. All these shares became â€Å"tainted† shares, and overnight they became worthless pieces of paper as they could not be delivered in the market. Genuine investors who had bought these shares well before the scam came to light and even got them registered in their names found themselves being robbed by the government. This resulted in a chaotic situation in the market since no one was certain as to which shares were tainted and which were not. ? The government’s liberalization policies came under severe criticism after the scam, with Harshad Mehta and others being described as the products of these policies. Bowing to the political pressures and the bad press it received during the scam, the liberalization policies were put on hold for a while by the government. The Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) postponed sanctioning of private sector mutual funds. ? The much talked about entry of foreign pension funds and mutual funds became more remote than ever. The Euro-i ssues planned by several Indian companies were delayed since the ability of Indian companies to raise equity capital in world markets was severely compromised. How to cite Harshad Mehta Scam, Papers

Kamp Motors free essay sample

Several of the components for Kamp’s engines are supplied by other businesses. In some cases, they supply standard components, in other cases, components produced according to Kamp’s specifications. Together with various essential components produced by Kamp itself, the components supplied by other businesses are used by Kamp in different types of engines. Table 1 contains some financial information on Kamp relating to 2001. Kamp produces four main types of car engines. Type 1 is a quite conventional type which is supplied mainly to businesses outside the Vecu concern. The more high-tech types 2, 3, and 4 are supplied only internally. The reputation of Vecu’s car makes has always been based on their powerful and noiseless engines. Not all of the Vecu models are fitted with Kamp engines. A considerable number of engines is purchased externally. Whenever a new car model is being developed for one of the Vecu makes, the company has to decide whether to fit it with a Kamp engine or an engine purchased from an external supplier. We will write a custom essay sample on Kamp Motors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kamp’s engines, i. e. the types 2, 3, and 4, are often selected for the more exclusive Vecu models. The fact of the matter is that other manufacturers generally cannot supply attractively priced engines which meet Vecu’s specifications. Kamp has managed to incorporate major new technology into its engines every few years, with the result that they are technically superior to other manufacturers’ engines. In fact, Kamp engines are so successful because of their efficient fuel consumption, power and noiselessness. Table 1. Some financial data on Kamp Motors, 2001; x â‚ ¬1 million |Sales |361 | |External costs*) |204 | |Staff costs | 98 | |Depreciations | 20 | |Number of employees |2,303 | ) External costs: costs of raw materials and auxiliary materials, purchased components, contracted work, etc. Vecu is made up of a number of relatively independent divisions which have been subdivided into business units. Kamp is a business unit and profit centre within the Make A division (MA division). Make A is seen as the showpiece of Vecu; the MA division produces exclusive models only. In addition to this division, the Make B and Make C divisions (MB and MC divisions) are also supplied with quite a lot of engines by Kamp. Make A cars are expensive, yet they have held a very strong position in the market for years on end. This is due to their design and their high-quality engines. Like Make A, Vecu’s other passenger cars (Make B and Make C) are not intended for customers who are interested mainly in a reliable, safe car that does not cost too much. MB and MC are to project the image of sporty, stylish and fun cars. Although the MB and MC divisions buy a lot of engines externally, the ‘glamour’ of Kamp engines enhances the image of their cars. Incentives At the end of 2000, the board of the Vecu concern decided to give the divisions and business units stronger incentives. Consequently, the incomes of managers at various levels were made more dependent on the profits made by their units. It was expected that this would encourage the divisions and business units to strive more strongly for efficiency and higher sales proceeds. Ultimately, Vecu needed to increase its returns, as the board stated during the big annual meeting of managers of divisions and business units at Lyon. At the beginning of 2002, the board of Kamp noticed that the management of some segments of Vecu were entitled to considerable bonuses over 2001. The board was very sorry to conclude that the management of Kamp were not in the same position. The board would not take this lying down and started to look for possibilities of increasing the profit of their own business unit. Sadly, they found that there were only limited possibilities. Kamp is obliged to supply certain engines, namely the types 2, 3, and 4, internally at costs per unit plus a small mark-up for profit, as was ordained by the boards of the MA division and Vecu several years ago. Type 1 yields a nice profit, but Kamp cannot increase the numbers of engines sold externally and their prices forever. Even a reduction in the costs of types 2, 3, and 4 will not result in an increase in Kamp’s profit if the decrease is taken into account when the unit costs for those types are calculated. Vecu has strict rules for determining unit costs. Kamp, too, has to determine the basic cost per unit (bcpu) of each type of engine first, as follows: bcpu = external cost per unit + (staff and depreciation costs) : standard capacity. To arrive at the cost per unit, the basic cost per unit is increased by a mark-up for some other direct and indirect costs. In the formula for basic cost per unit, external cost is the cost of purchased materials and components. This cost is in principle proportionally variable. External cost is based on the cost per unit for average-sized buying orders. Buying large or small amounts can be to Kamp’s advantage or disadvantage. Its standard capacity has been set at 90% of its maximum production capacity. Obviously, the rule for determining cost per unit is clear. However, even the strictest rule has to be interpreted. And the board of Kamp thinks it is safe to assume that, in actual practice, the boards of the MA division and Vecu hardly concern themselves with the level of unit costs. Kamp is wondering whether the top management of the division and concern are really well-informed about Kamp’s production process and costs, and whether the senior executives are really interested in Kamp as long as it is run reasonably well. The board of Kamp is therefore considering reducing costs by reorganizing its organization and not reducing the units costs of the types 2, 3, and 4 to the same extent. With a view on this, a reorganization of Kamp’s cost information system is also considered. That might result in more profit for Kamp. In addition, the board is thinking about changing the department of Research and Product Development. It is a large department because Kamp wants to remain a leader in the field of technology. At present most of the departmental staff are employed on a permanent basis. However, the board of Kamp is contemplating much closer collaboration with technical universities in order to save costs and increase profits. Besides through cost reductions, profits can also rise if sales proceeds increase. That is why the board of Kamp is wondering whether the company might benefit from supplying the types 2, 3, and 4 externally as well. At present Kamp’s mostly very specialized machinery is sometimes operating considerably below maximum capacity, e. g. when the development, production or sale of certain car models is stagnating. External sales might result in fewer fluctuations in Kamp’s capacity usage and an increase in its production, profit and profitability. Seeing that other car manufacturers regularly approach Kamp, its board is convinced that there is a sizeable market for Kamp outside Vecu. There are not many engines on the market which are comparable to Kamp’s, qualitatively speaking. The board of Kamp is certain that external sale prices will be considerably higher than the prices at which Kamp has to supply engines to Vecu. An important order However, even the board of Kamp cannot afford to spend its time daydreaming about Kamp’s almost certainly wonderful and profitable future. Although Kamp holds a strong position within Vecu, no order is a certainty. That proved to be true in March 2002, when Guy Mercier, a senior manager from the MB division, contacted Robert Drover, who is in charge of Commercial Affairs at Kamp. Mercier and Drover discussed whether Kamp could supply engines for a new exclusive car model (model MB99) which was being developed by the MB division. Further consultations showed that Kamp would be able to supply engines for the MB99 and that the MB division would probably need 5,000 of these engines annually. Kamp would have to alter the type 2 engine slightly, i. e. develop type 2a for the MB99. Type 2a is not really an average engine, but it is not a typical Kamp engine either. In other words, it is not a genuinely sophisticated engine. Mercier indicated that the MB division was also talking with two other potential suppliers, namely the British company Black and the Italian company FER. Mercier expected that these two companies would also be able to supply an engine which met most of his requirements. In addition to the technical qualities of the engine, its price was an important criterion for the MB division’s decision. ‘Now that Vecu wants to increase its returns across the board, the MB division wants to improve its profit figures too’, said Mercier. ‘We would like to get our engines from Kamp, but only if they are exceptional, technically speaking, and are reasonably priced. Be fair, until now we have had to pay quite high prices for Kamp engines, I think’, Mercier added. Subsequently Robert Drover gave a brief account of his talks with Mercier to the board. Well, Robert’, said Tracey de Cock, financial manager of Kamp, ‘I do not like the sound of it. We have always treated the MB division decently in our business dealings so that they and we would do reasonably well. Of course we hardly made a profit by supplying e ngines to them, but our costs were adequately covered. They never complained to us about our unit costs. It seems that Mr Mercier is now trying to pressurize us to raise his profit figures and his bonus. But I’m damned if I’m going to do business that way. An order for 5,000 engines is not to be sneezed at, but Kamp’s survival does not really depend on it’. ‘Wait a minute, Tracey’, said Michel Dingman, general manager of Kamp. I agree with you that Mercier’s way of doing business with us differs from what we were used to, but maybe we should adapt to the new situation. Anyway, we should not turn down a possible order just like that. It is true that 5,000 engines do not amount to much, but how much does each of those engines bring in? Could we increase the degree of capacity utilization for our current production machinery somewhat? If that new model is a success, the annual figure may increase in the coming years. And what about our sp ecific costs? They may be rather low, because we will only have to adapt an existing type of engine. And if MB develops a relationship with an external supplier of advanced engines, will we not run the risk of losing even more sales in the future? I think we should continue talking with Mercier and should try to do the best possible deal. If necessary, Robert, I will join you in negotiating with Mercier at crucial moments’. ‘Well, you may be right’, said Tracey, ‘but we should always be wary of unprofitable orders. We, too, want to increase our profit. Actually, we cannot supply engines at lower prices until we have cut costs and that will take time. If we really want to make money, we must ask ourselves if we should not supply more engines externally and if we should not stop supplying engines internally at cost per unit plus a small mark-up for profit. But those questions will be dealt with in the long term’. After that, Robert Drover contacted Mercier, who then sent further details about the MB division’s requirements with regard to the type 2a engine. Next, a few staff members in Kamp’s department of Research and Product Development checked the technical ramifications of an order. And staff from the Production Planning and Finance departments looked at the consequences for the production machinery and the costs involved. After some calculations, Kamp concluded that its engine meets Mercier’s technical requirements more than adequately. Furthermore, the first 5,000 engines could probably be produced relatively easily with its available production machinery. However, since the demand for cars and engines is xpected to rise steeply in the coming years, capacity may become a problem, especially if Kamp is allowed to supply engines of the types 2, 3, and 4 to external customers. [2] If Kamp is allowed to sell externally, it will probably supply external customers with en gines yielding a profit of at least â‚ ¬750 per unit. If the full cost per unit for the type 2a engine is calculated in the usual way, it will amount to â‚ ¬4,000. In that case, the full cost per unit includes a part of the development costs of the type 2 engine, namely â‚ ¬200 per engine. In fact, these development costs are also covered by the income from the production of the type 2 engine. The relatively low, additional cost of developing type 2a (by adapting type 2) will be covered if some cheaper components for type 2a are not taken into account when the cost per unit is calculated. The variabele costs per engine are set at â‚ ¬2,500. Kamp does not yet know the exact prices of the engines which Black and FER have offered to Mercier, but it suspects that they range between â‚ ¬3,750 and â‚ ¬4,250. Technically speaking, the Black and FER engines are probably not as good as the Kamp engines, but they probably meet Mercier’s requirements. Now they know all this, Robert Drover and Michel Dingman are preparing themselves for another meeting with Guy Mercier, during which they want to put forward a proposal for the price at which Kamp is willing to supply the type 2 engine. Drover and Dingman want to get a transfer price which will satisfy Kamp in the near as well as the more distant future. Suggested assignment Being a consultant, you have been asked to make a report for the board of the Vecu concern in which you are to answer the following questions. 1. What transfer price should Kamp insist on, in your opinion, if it were to supply the type 2a engine to the MB division now and in the future? Please give arguments for your proposal. You should at least consider the principle ‘minimum transfer price = variable cost per unit + opportunity costs for the supplier’ and the guidelines Vecu has for transfer prices. Please draw ttention to the interests of Kamp Motors as well as those of Vecu as a whole. Taking into consideration Vecu’s transfer price policy, what do you think of Guy Mercier’s attitude? 2. Please discuss the possibilities of increasing Kamp’s profit by using the formula for basic cost per unit and by reorgani zing. Please use a concrete example to indicate how the board of Kamp can manipulate the unit costs for the types 2, 3, and 4 by reorganizing its cost information system. How, do you think, can the boards of the Vecu concern and the MB division determine whether Kamp manipulates data on unit costs? 3. Within the Vecu concern, Kamp is obliged to supply engines at cost per unit plus a mark-up for profit. Please compare Vecu’s transfer price system with Vecu’s system of responsibility centres and with Eccles’s theory on transfer pricing. 4. Taking into consideration the product differentiation strategy adopted by Kamp and Vecu, what do you think of Kamp’s idea to collaborate more closely with technical universities and to sell the types 2, 3, and 4 externally as well? (See for example Colbert and Spicer, 1995. ) [1] Authors: Henk J. ter Bogt and G. Jan van Helden, Faculty of Economics – University of Groningen (the Netherlands) [2] Each engine that is produced, i. e. type 2, 2a, 3 or 4, takes up the same amount of Kamp’s production capacity.

Practice in Using Capital Letters - An Editing Exercise

Practice in Using Capital Letters - An Editing Exercise After reviewing our Guidelines for Using Capital Letters, test your editing skills with this exercise. Instructions In the following sentences, some words need to be capitalized, and some words that are capitalized should be in lower case. Correct the capitalization errors, and then compare your answers with those below. During first-year orientation, my Brother registered for classes in Psychology, Spanish, Biology, and English.The Avengers, long awaited by fans of the Comic Book, assembled several superheroes in one movie: iron man, captain america, the hulk, thor, hawkeye, and black widow.In the Spring of 2012, I graduated from Hollywood high school in Los Angeles, California.One of the Worlds richest people is mayor Michael Bloomberg, Founder of Bloomberg L.P.The man in the hawaiian shirt drove a Chevrolet Corvette Sports Car with expired Texas License Plates.The New York times reported that scientists had deciphered a sequence of the dna of Molecular Biologist James Watson.In 1610, German Astronomer Johannes Kepler observed that two Moons orbit the planet mars.Following the setting Sun, we drove West on interstate 80.On memorial day, I visited Arlington national cemetery with my Father.One of the most memorable instances of Product Placement in sports occurred at the 1999 fifa Womens World Cup w hen Brandi Chastain removed her shirt to reveal a nike sports bra. Quiz Responses Here (in bold) are the answers to the exercise above. During first-year orientation, my  brother  registered for classes in  psychology, Spanish,  biology, and English.The Avengers, long awaited by fans of the  comic book, assembled several superheroes in one movie:  Iron Man, Captain America, the  Hulk, Thor, Hawkeye, and  Black Widow.In the  spring  of 2012, I graduated from Hollywood  High School  in Los Angeles, California.One of the  worlds  richest people is  Mayor  Michael Bloomberg,  founder  of Bloomberg L.P.The man in the  Hawaiian  shirt drove a Chevrolet Corvette  sports car  with expired Texas  license plates.The New York  Times  reported that scientists had deciphered a sequence of the  DNA  of  molecular biologist  James Watson.In 1610, German  astronomer  Johannes Kepler observed that two  moons  orbit the planet  Mars.Following the setting  sun, we drove  west  on  Interstate  80.On  Memorial Day, I visited Arlington  National Cemetery   with my  father.One of the most memorable instances of  product placement  in sports occurred at the 1999  FIFA  Womens World Cup when Brandi Chastain removed her shirt to reveal a  Nike  sports bra.

The Chemistry of How Borax Works as a Cleaner

The Chemistry of How Borax Works as a Cleaner What Is Borax? Borax (also known as sodium borate decahydrate; sodium pyroborate; birax; sodium tetraborate decahydrate; sodium biborate) is a natural mineral compound (Na2B4O7 10H2O). It was discovered over 4000 years ago. Borax is usually found deep within the ground, although it has been mined near the surface in Death Valley, California since the 1800s. Although it has numerous industrial uses, in the home borax is used as a natural laundry booster, multipurpose cleaner, fungicide, preservative, insecticide, herbicide, disinfectant, dessicant, and ingredient in making slime. Borax crystals are odorless, whitish (can have various color impurities), and alkaline. Borax is not flammable and is not reactive. It can be mixed with most other cleaning agents, including chlorine bleach. How Does Borax Clean? Borax has many chemical properties that contribute to its cleaning power. Borax and other borates clean and bleach by converting some water molecules to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This reaction is more favorable in hotter water. The pH of borax is about 9.5, so it produces a basic solution in water, thereby increasing the effectiveness of bleach and other cleaners. In other chemical reactions, borax acts as a buffer, maintaining a stable pH needed to maintain cleansing chemical reactions. The boron, salt, and/or oxygen of boron inhibit the metabolic processes of many organisms. This characteristic allows borax to disinfect and kill unwanted pests. Borates bonds with other particles to keep ingredients dispersed evenly in a mixture, which maximizes the surface area of active particles to enhance cleaning power. Risks Associated With Using  Borax Borax is natural, but that does not mean it is automatically safer for you or for the environment than man-made chemicals. Although plants need boron, too much of it will kill them, so borax can be used as an herbicide. Borax may also be used as an insecticide to kill roaches, ants, and fleas. In fact, it is also toxic to people. Signs of chronic toxic exposure include red and peeling skin, seizures, and kidney failure. The estimated lethal dose (ingested) for adults is 15-20 grams; less than 5 grams can kill a child or pet. For this reason, borax should not be used around food. More commonly, borax is associated with skin, eye, or respiratory irritation. It is also important to point out that exposure to borax may impair fertility or cause damage to an unborn child. Now, none of these risks mean that you shouldnt use borax. If you do a bit of research, you will find risks associated with all cleaning products, natural or man-made. However, you do need to be aware of product risks so that you can use those products properly. Dont use borax around food, keep it out of reach of children and pets, and make sure you rinse borax out of clothes and off of surfaces before use.

Professional Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Professional Research Methods - Essay Example Other concerns about the applicability of quantitative methodologies to in-dept examination of complex social phenomena include taking the collected data out of the real-world setting, poor representativeness and generalisation of data, exclusion of discovery from the realm of scientific inquiry, etc. The institutional structure of business and management research has also reacted to the criticism of the positivist paradigm. Increasing numbers of qualitative studies published domestically and internationally have challenged the traditional view of qualitative research paradigm as the inferior to the more rigorous and reliable quantitative methodology. The aim of this paper is to identify the major research designs and techniques associated with each methodology and to provide explanation on the views about the nature of knowledge (epistemology) and the nature of reality (ontology) underlying these perspectives. There are various classifications of methods used in the area of professional research, but the most common classification splits the methods into two large groups, namely quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methodology employs methods historically applied in the natural (physical) sciences. The primary task of quantitative research is to ensure validity and reliability of results (Dingwall et al, 1998). Examples of quantitative methods widely used in the social sciences and business and management research are survey methods, formal methods (e.g. econometrics), laboratory experiments and several numerical methods (e.g. mathematical modelling) (Myers, 1997). Quantitative research implies standardized questionnaires and methods of data analysis, specific position of the researcher whom is considered external to the research, replicability of the results regardless of the context, etc (Wainer and Braun, 1998). While reliability and validity are the most often cited strengths of the quantitative methodology, poor applicability of this methodology to exploration of a phenomenon, which is difficult or impossible to quantify, is considered a serious weakness. The main drawback that limits applicability of quantitative methods is the so-called 'decontextualization': models constructed on the basis of data obtained through quantitative methods do not take into account certain variables that act in the real world context (Patton, 1987). Qualitative methodology utilizes a naturalistic approach seeking to understand phenomena in a specific context, such as "real world setting [where] the researcher does not attempt to manipulate the phenomenon of interest" (Patton, 2002: 39). The broad definition of qualitative research is "any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification" (Strauss and Corbin, 1990: 17). Qualitative research reveals findings observed in the real world context where the phenomena being studied unfold naturally (Patton, 2002). The motivation underlying qualitative research is the researchers desire to understand the social and cultural phenomena within the real-world setting. Qualitative methods are designed to

Learning Theory Annotated Bibilography Research Paper

Learning Theory Annotated Bibilography - Research Paper Example Fourth: Humanist learning theory is a â€Å"new orthodoxy†, a form of social control that keeps nurses from being flexible. It also expresses free market orthodoxy. Fifth, and most importantly: Humanistic learning theory emphasizes individualistic learning and values. But nurses must be socially oriented to be successful. They must coordinate with other nurses, with doctors, with medical practitioners and logistics experts, and with the community. Because humanistic learning, in Purdys view, directly detracts from â€Å"social learning†, it must be rejected for nursing. Instead, Purdy recommends a communalistic value system, ideology and teaching paradigm. He argues that nurses taught in this vein will learn how to coordinate and compromise with others more efficiently, and that this alternate paradigm is more effective for the unique needs of nurses. Hezekiah examines the benefits of feminist pedagogy for nursing education in Pakistan in particular and Muslim countries in general. The concerns are obvious: Feminist ideology in fundamentalist Muslim countries will be controversial. The question is if the benefits outweigh the risks. Hezekiah concludes that they do. Hezekiah claims that feminist pedagogy, when examined through the lens of Schniedewind (1993)s five process goals, have great potential for nurses for two reasons. Feminist pedagogy empowers nurses. It allows them to make decisions quickly without being vetoed or disrespected by patients, essential for delivering optimal care quickly. And it improves the health care system as a whole, because it allows female nurses to participate as equals and thus increases the pool of qualified medical practitioners available to Muslim countries. Social learning theory emphasizes the way that people, such as nurses, learn based on behavioral cues such as role models, superiors, and so forth in their social environment, and focus on making outcomes

Indias Culture, History and Economy

Indias Culture, History and Economy Executive Summary Historical/Geographical background With traces of Human life dating back over 9000 years, India can be described as one of the oldest nations in the world. This brief analysis looks at the construction of a major European trading post and the downfall of the colonies as well as looking at how the current trends in populace are helping India develop into one of the worlds newest major powers. Type of government and State system employed Indian politics are described as a very grey area. What is construed as a democracy by the constitution is in reality a democracy where the people repeatedly vote in the same corrupt leaders. It is a country run by money and its idea of democracy needs to change drastically if India has any chance of catching up with the powerful G8 nations. Relationship with neighbouring countries Indias relationship with neighbouring countries varies completely from Pakistan their arch rival due to different aspects from religion to ownership of land. To their relationship with China which has dramatically changed from warring neighbouring countries to making friends with each other and co-operating with one and other. Judicial system Indias court system appears to be at fault. Terrorism is becoming increasingly frequent but punishment for such crimes is minimal. Although the court system is attempting to pass laws to eliminate crime, the government is failing to implement them efficiently and the corrupt police forces overlook these laws. Religion Religion within India is widely spread and very important to the people of India. Instead of having the usual class system, India has a caste system and as soon as somebody is born they are put into rankings according to the caste system. Culture Indias culture is one of the oldest and most unique. It is unlike any other culture in the world and each region of the country possesses its own distinctive cultural niche. Cultural diversity is reflected through Indias exciting traditional clothing and highly respectful family values. Health, welfare and education The healthcare in India has developed dramatically over the years from hardly any at all to a national health service; even though this is available many of the higher class population choose to seek private centres. Welfare in India differs from the cities where tourism is popular to the villages were at particular months, times can be a struggle. Education is very popular in the cities where the government can provide help, on the other hand, in the outer villages education is scarce. Government and Media Indian Press, TV, Radio and Internet media are all explored in this section. It explains quick growth of Indian media sector and how it came across Governments will to control it. Economic climate Currently India is doing very well itself and is in a boom state rather than a bust in comparison with many other countries. India has many imports and exports e.g. diamonds and fuel. India has some main trading partners that are America and China. Political Diplomacy India is a powerhouse in terms of their involvement in European relations. Relationships with neighbouring countries such as Pakistan are hostile but Bhutan and China are both working closely with India to improve trade routes. Introduction In our group assignment, the question we were given to answer was How can we accurately define the 21st century nation state with regards to the country India. This report consists of research into many different aspects of India including, Historical/geographical background and demographics, The type of government and state system employed, The nation state, relationship with neighbours, Judicial system, Importance of religion/class/caste, Culture and Ideology, Provision of welfare/education, Relationship of media and the Indian government, The modern economy. During this project, we will explore deep in to India as a country, to gain extensive knowledge, to help us to understand more about their life and culture enabling us to complete our report. Each section of the report will be researched in depth and the most important and relevant parts picked out and used to show our understanding and knowledge of India. This will then enable us to piece together everyones individual work and produce an overall project. The report will be created to the best of all our abilities, as it is a group project we will obviously be working together to complete the work. However, not only will we have to work together but we will also each have to do our own individual piece regarding our country, India. The information and the images e.g. diagrams that we will use in the report will be appropriately referenced in the bibliography along with any other relevant information we find. Historical background of India The Earliest know traces of life in India can be found as Stone Age rock shelters with paintings. These can be found in Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh. The first known settlement was traced back to over 9000 years ago. This settlement developed into the Indus Valley Civilization, which dates back to 3300 BCE in the western province of India. (http://www.harappa.com/indus/indus1.html) During the 16th Century India was used a major trading post to the far east by the Major European powers such as; the UK, Portugal, the Netherlands and France. During the later half of the 16th century colonies were set up in India aided by the countries internal conflicts. By 1856, India was mostly under the control of the British East India Company. (http://india.gov.in/knowindia/history_freedom_struggle.php) Within a year India would be brought under direct rule of the British Crown. These events are some of the major factors, which have helped India to develop into a developing nation faster than a lot of its surrounding 3rd world neighbors. In my opinion India would not have been considered a developing nation for some time without the early introduction to European trading and industry, which are now the foundation to a thriving economy along with other factors such as the huge population and modern investment. By the 20th Century India was ready for freedom and a struggle for nationwide independence ensued. The Indian National Congress as well as some other political organizations led the struggle. Infamous Indian Leader Mahatma Gandhi led millions of Indian people through non-violent campaigns for freedom. (http://www.kamat.com/mmgandhi/mkgtimeline.htm) On 15 August 1947, the nation of India was declared as free from British rule. At the same time as the gained there independence, some mostly Muslim areas where partitioned to Pakistan. (http://english.emory.edu/Bahri/Part.html) India became a republic on the 26th of January 1950 and the new constitution came into power. (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html) Geographical background of India The seventh largest country in the world India is guarded from the rest of Asia by ranges of mountains and vast seas. This gives India a palatable geographical actuality. Spanning an area of 32,87,2631 Km square, India shares its borders with Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan, China and Kashmir. India has Borders with the Indian Ocean to the South West and Bay of Bengal to the South East with a coastline including non-mainland islands of 7,516.5 km. http://www.indiabook.com/india-information/indian-geography.html A lot of Indias strengths today can be attributed to its size. With size come resources and the power to export. Demographical background of India India has an estimated population of 1.2million people. (http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf) This Makes India the 2nd most populated country in the world. I believe that we can attribute some of Indias success and a growing nation to this. For example, their massive GDP that has been climbing steadily could be accredited to the cheap work force that they are able to get their hands on. With the labor cost in India being cheaper India has found that Developed nations have taken an interest in using that cheap labor. This Investment from other countries has also helped India leave its neighbors behind. In recent years the population has risen sharply. It has been claimed that this is due to the recent advancements in medicine. I agree that this is an attributing factor and Indias aging population could be a problem for the in the very foreseeable future. But as it stands with its huge population India can only become more powerful as they adva nce technologically and strive to catch up with Western nation. Indian Politics There isnt a more populated democracy in the entire world than India. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1154019.stm) India also boasts the longest constitution by any independent nation. This exhaustive constitution was initiated on the 26th of January in 1950. The constitution outlines India as a Secular, Socialist, Sovereign and Democratic republic. (Identities and the Indian state: An overview) India adopted, beneficially, a parliamentary government but has shifted to a much more federal style in the 1990s due to internal social and economical change. The constitutional head of the Indian government is the president. He is elected by an electoral college and should serve a maximum of five years with out being re-elected. All real power in the country is shared between the President of India and the Council of Ministers. (http://www.tradechakra.com/india-political-system.html) On paper India is considered a very typical democracy. In reality voters keep voting for corrupt leaders. Democracy in India faces threats from leaders such as Abu Salem, who has recently requested to contest in elections. Abu Salem, and extradite of Portugal would almost certainly use his position of power to initiate hate campaigns against Hindus backed by his pseudo-secular followers. This puts forward the question, does democracy ever work? Thomas Jefferson once said, A democracy is nothing more than mob rule, where fifty-one percent of the people may take away the rights of the other forty-nine. Is the majority decision the correct one? Some people would say that Indian politics doesnt work as a democracy, but if you were to compare them with Pakistan who have a very similar democracy to India, On Paper. In reality you would find that Pakistan has a much more corrupt government than India. This would suggest that the Indian system is a working democracy to some extent; to the extent perhaps that any democracy works. Relationship with Neighbouring countries Pakistan India Ever since 1947 when the British government went in and dismantled India as a country they have been arch rivals and even over the many years it has shown that they still do not get along. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/default.stm These arguments go deep into religion and history the state of Jammu and Kashmir, and whom they actually belong to. Pakistan and India have not yet managed to agree on power over the equal equation in south Asia. An undeclared war broke out in 1947 between the two countries over the state of Kashmir; this was the first of three extreme conflicts that the countries have had with each other. On July 18th, both of the countries signed the Karachi Agreement establishing a ceasefire line that was supervised by the United Nations. This left Pakistan, India and China part of the land. Most of the tension between the two nations comes from a long history of conflict, through religion and ownership of land, ending up as a nuclear competition. http://www.ignca.nic.in/ks_41061.htm Each trying to push the other country to back down, one of the countries needs to take the first step to a harmonious relationship or things seem set to only get worse for themselves. China India China and India have had a completely different relationship with one and other, they are very similar in many different ways, both of the countries had to fight for their countries freedom and have been allies in war. However, the change in new world has managed to alter Indias perspective of China and their true intentions. Chinas military has had a rapid growth and this begins to worry India in several ways. China has always used their military forces to gain control of different aspects of their culture, for example for the fight for their freedom they used their armed forces to complete a gruelling task to fight until the end to obtain their goal. India went down the opposite route of using non-violent demonstrations to gain their achievements. So naturally, the development of the Chinese army has begun to worry India. Although these http://iaps.cass.cn/xueshuwz/showcontent.asp?id=262two approaches are completely different, both have seen success in their relationship, with one and other and other countries. By keeping there tactics the same, they now in the 21st century are aiming for the same goals of maintaining Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence around the world. I believe that India and china will continue to keep a harmonious relationship with one and other even with their different views on appropriate action so far they have managed to keep a friendship going and will continue this, using each others strengths to help themselves. Indian Judicial System How does it work? The Supreme Court of India is the uppermost part in the Indian legal system, consisting of a Chief Justice and 25 associate justices, who are appointed by the President. Under The Supreme Court of India, each state or group of states possesses High Courts and there are several subordinate courts under these High Courts. As of the 1960s, Indian eliminated the use of juries for most trials as they were deemed ineffective and corrupt and opted for the majority of trials to be conducted by judges (www.indiafacts.headlinesinindia.com www.wikepedia.com). Does India have a fair and working police and court system? From research, I have found much primary data that shows me Indias police and court system appears to be working ineffectively. Terrorism is rife in India and the most recent attack was the Mumbai bombings in November 2008. These were a series of attacks, lasting three days, on some of Indias most famous landmarks, notably the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower. The attacks resulted in the death of more than 170 people. According to the Amnesty International Report the government tightened security legislation and set up a federal agency to investigate terrorist attacks. However, the laws put in place failed to materialize and despite 70 death sentences, no executions took place. This suggests to me that the court system is failing in their attempts to improve the country and perhaps not enough effort is being put on important laws, such as punishing terrorists. (http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/asia-pacific/india) Furthermore, a report released by Human Rights Watch on August 4th 2009 gives an in-depth 118-page account of a range of human violations committed by the police in India. The report is based on interviews with police officers and over 60 members on the public who have first-hand experience of the police forces unprovoked and unnecessary violence. One individual describes how he was tortured in an attempt to force a confession out of him. He describes how he was repeatedly beaten with a wooden stick until he nearly fainted. India is modernizing rapidly, but the police continue to use their old methods: abuse and threats. It is time for the government to stop talking about reform and fix the system. (http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/asia-pacific/india) This quote from Brad Adams, the Asia Director at Human Rights Watch shows how feels that the police system is not working and that the government need to do something about it. Is the court system to blame for the corrupt police system? According to the report, in 2006, The Supreme Court of India judgment attempted to improve police laws. However, the implications of these laws were poorly put into practice. The article implies that officials do not view the need for police and human rights reforms at an urgent matter and are satisfied for it to continue as it is. Indias status as the worlds largest democracy is undermined by a police force that thinks it is above the law. This is another quote from Brad Adams, revealing that the Supreme Court of Indias efforts have been overlooked by a policing system that chooses to ignore the law. (http://www.hrw.org/node/84730) From research, I have learnt that Indias police and court system appears to be failing. Although there seems be attempts to make new laws the process of putting them into practice is poor and ineffective. Religion India is a very religious country and the main religion that is followed in this country is Hinduism, 83% of the population of India is Hindu (http://www.incredibleindia.org/newsite/cms_Page.asp) and therefore obviously it is a very important subject. Religion in India plays a huge part and is often a way of life for the people who live in India and is something they relate to every day. Although Hinduism is the main religion there are many others with Islam been the second biggest religious group in India, Muslims number over a billion globally, spread among many different countries, ranging from the Middle East and Africa to areas now part of Russia and extending as far as China and Malaysia in East Asia. They make up the majority of the population in 30 countries and large minorities in other (Book-The international Business Environment, 2nd Ed. Janet Morrison 2006, Palgrave, Macmillan Page 182) and others including Christianity, Sikhism and Buddhism. As religion is a way of life for the average person living in India they eat, sleep and breathe their religion because it is very important to them and this is what they live for. There are aspects of all religions within India that have become very common, the most recent of these aspects is the food and dance festivals that the people have to celebrate certain timesof the year within each religion. However because a large population of India go to these festivals regardless of their religion each actual religion has its own beliefs, heroes and culinary specialties (http://www.squidoo.com/indian-religions). This shows that no religion is the same despite the fact that they celebrate the same religious and cultural events. India has a caste system that is a hierarchical system within their society http://www.indianchild.com/caste_system_in_india.htm, the system is used for almost everything and puts people in a ranking order depending on certain qualities which each individual has e.g. wealth, relatives. This system seems very important because it is used to help identify who is of more worth and who should be looked at differently with regards to the caste system. It becomes easy to see who is where in the ranking and if you are at the lower end of the hierarchical caste system it is likely that people will act differently towards that person compared to if they were of a higher ranking. The extent of the impact will depend upon how severe the caste system is and how much people judge each other in relation to the system. I dont believe it is fair to judge and make opinions on people just based on the caste system that they use in India, however it happens and so the people of India have to cope with it. As there is a caste system the Indian people obviously class people according to things like wealth and power. This in my opinion shows that they have a class system and there will be a lower class who have the basic job and basic wages, the middle class who have the better paid jobs and the better power and then there is the ultimate higher class who most people will aspire to be because they are the wealthiest people among the classes and they have the power and the most powerful contacts and relationships. However most countries do class people according to how much money and power they have and this is unlikely to change any time soon. Culture India is renowned for possessing one of the richest and most unique cultures in the world. Each regions culture enjoys its own individual features, demonstrating great cultural diversity throughout the country. It would be difficult to identify any culture in the world that possesses the variation and individuality that Indian culture does. In this section of the assignment, I intend to explore some of the distinctive features of Indian culture, namely family values, clothing and dance. So what is culture? The term culture refers to a state of intellectual development or manners. The social and political forces that influence the growth of a human being are defined as culture. (www.indianchild.com) Distinctive features of Indian culture Family Values Traditional family values remain similar in all regions of India, despite the rich cultural diversity. A common belief among Indians is that children are a gift from God, boys being the more favourable sex as they can earn money to support the family. (www.essortment.com/all/familyindianli_rvuy.htm) Traditional family values are highly respected and a vast majority of Indians have their marriages arranged for them by their parents or other highly regarded family members. In India, marriage is thought to be for life and therefore the divorce rate is extremely low. According to statistics, (www.divorcemag.com) the divorce rate in the United Kingdom was 42.6% as a percentage of marriages, whereas India was only 1.1%; this huge difference reiterates that Indian family values believe marriage is for life. Clothing Traditional Indian attire exudes ethnic charm through the bright, rich colours and style and material can vary depending on the geographical location. For women, a draped garment called a sari is popular and an embroidered dress called a salwar kameez. Similarly, men wear a draped garment called a dhoti or a lungi. Also popular for men are European-style trousers and shirts. From research, when I think of Indian clothing I instantly visualise radiant and exciting colours. I think this is reflective of Indias rich and unique culture as there are not many other countries in which traditional clothing is so exciting. The picture shows a woman in traditional Indian salwar kameez, the embroidery detail on the dress along with the vibrant colours suggests to me a lot of effort goes into their clothing and shows that clothing is a significant part of their culture. Dance Dance forms are divided into two categories; classical and folk. Classical usually aim to convey a spiritual message, whereas, folk dances are mainly used as part of celebrations. Like other aspects of Indian culture, dance forms are equally unique and vary across the regions. Bharatnatyam is the most renowned dance from the South, as significant as a dance form it is viewed almost as a religion to many who revere it. I get the sense that dance is a highly significant part of Indian culture if it can be regarded to some people as important as religion. From family values, clothing and dance to their unique monuments and religions, I have found the culture of India to be diverse among regions and extremely interesting to learn about. It is notably dissimilar to any other country I am familiar with. Healthcare Health care was changed substantially between the 1950s and the 1980s; however, this managed to cause a large boost in population growth causing the number of practises per person to be at an extreme low. In 1991, India had about 22,400 primary health centres, 11,200 hospitals and 27,400 dispensaries. (http://www.indianchild.com/health_care_in_india.htm) They managed to produce a tiered health care system that placed more difficult cases into the urban hospitals while attempting to provide medical care for most of the cases in the countryside; this seems quite significant because most of the Indian population live in villages in the outer areas. Many of the hospitals were owned and managed by charitable trusts, and received some payment from the government, while the rest of the hospitals were managed by private trusts. Many of the medical equipment needed for the hospitals was limited as the money needed to by the products was scarce in the early 1990s. By 1992, however, most of the privately owned hospitals were part of the government scheme for colleges and contained enough medical equipment to treat all major types of diseases including cancer. (http://www.indianchild.com/health_care_in_india.htm) India has a free treatment at public health centres on the other hand however most of the public prefer to pay money for treatment by private physicians. This seems interesting as India is not known as a rich country so paying for treatment rather than take the free care seems to be a bit of a luxury, on the other hand, it shows that the standard of national free health care must be at a poor standard. Welfare In the case of welfare India is the same as everywhere else depending on its income to help it succeed. However, in India there are two scenarios with the richer parts of Indias population have no problem at all maintaining healthy living constantly all year round, however in the small villages of the less developed parts of India this can be an increasing problem with hot summers and no constant flow of tourists, times can seem very hard. (http://giik.net/blog/india-welfare/)With an enormous population in the billions many people live out of the main cities and even further into the country this can make it hard for them to access medical centres and other vital aid that they may need. This contributes to the high death rate, lowering the average life expectancy. Education Indias recent economic growth rates have helped them progress in the educational department. The story of Indias educational achievements is one of mixed success. On the negative side, India has 22 per cent of the worlds population and is home to a high proportion of the worlds out of school children and youths. On the positive side, it has made encouraging recent progress in raising schooling participation. While the base of Indias education may be weak, it has emerged as an important player in the worldwide information technology revolution due to the substantial numbers of well educated computing and other graduates. However it was not always this way in 1854, Sir Charles Woods introduced a new policy into Indias government, this was made to help those who have not got enough money to send their children to school, for help to be provided for them, so that all children would be treated equally. (Crisis and Change in Contemporary India)On the other hand, due to the enormous population of the country they could not make the school scheme compulsory, as the government did not have enough money for all of the children that needed their help and support. Media and government of India Relationships between the media and the government in India is not very different to the West European democratic model, however some historical and demographical aspects drove this relation in its own specification and pace. Recent changes in regulations of freedom and speech seems to follow global concept of independent media production and broadcasting news. The history of media in India began in the eighteenth century when the first prints were published. Indian media has been relatively independent throughout most of their history, however, over the period of 1975-1977 Prime Minister Gandhi declared the period of emergency with potential government retribution. This incident has not changed freedom of Indian media in the long term. (http://india.mapsofindia.com/india-forum/media-in-india.html) Nowadays Indian media markets with over 99 million newspaper copies in 2007, 60 million internet users in 2008 and large amounts of TV channels is one of the leading media markets in the world. With a population of over one billion the Indian market is a lot to fight for. Major newspapers like The India Gazette, The Calcutta Gazette, The Madras Courier were initially carried under the British rule, however same as The Bombay Times most Indian publishers are now independent. The Press Council is a statutory body of journalists, publishers, academics and politicians, with a chairman appointed by the Government. Designed to be a self-regulating mechanism for the press, it investigates complaints of irresponsible journalism and sets a code of conduct for publishers. This code includes a commitment not to publish articles or details that might incite caste or communal violence. Radio broadcasting became state responsibility in 1930. AM broadcasting remained a government monopoly. Private FM radio station ownership was legalized during 2000, but licenses only authorized entertainment and educational content. Although there were privately owned radio stations, they were not permitted to broadcast news. Major radio stations nowadays in India like All India Radio, Radio City, Big FM, Radio Mirchi are important informational channels all over the country. Some channels are more recognized as of the language dialect, but Hindi spoken media with over 422 million speakers are the most popular. Complete television broadcasting was initiated in 1965. The Government of India owned and maintained audio-visual apparatus and played a significant role in increasing mass education and publishing information. Some TV projects were specifically designed to educate village population. Following the economic reforms of the 90s, satellite TV channels from around the world including BBC, CNN, CNBC and other foreign television channels gained a foothold in the country. In 1993 there were over 47 million registered TV users. Private satellite television was distributed widely by cable or satellite dish. These channels provided substantial competition for Doordarshan, the government-owned television network, in both presentation and credibility. Doordarshan frequently was accused of manipulating the news in the Governments favour; however, in some parts of the country satellite channel owners used their medium to promote the platforms of the political parties that they supported. In addit ion, citizens had access to uncensored Cable News Network, the British Broadcasting Company and a variety of other foreign programs. Recently, with 562 television stations, the country ranked eighth in the list of countries by number of television broadcast stations as of 1997. Star Plus, Colors, Zee TV, DD1 are the top TV channels in 2009. Internet as the newest and the quickest growing media nowadays is the one that seems to be less influenced by Government regulations, however, some radical acts have also taken place in the past. The Government imposed limited access to the Internet. The Informational Technology Act provides for censoring information on the Internet on public morality grounds, and it considers unauthorized access to electronic information a crime. According to Reporters Without Borders, this law allowed police officers to search the homes or offices of Internet users, at any time and without a warrant. But it was another way to fight against crime and allowing legal acts against those who are breaking the law. In practice, the internet is the most popular media worldwide and is the most powerful source of information in India, same as the rest of the world. The Constituti

Research Paper on Clothes Essay

Fashion, is something that all girls want to talk about. Some people may think that the famous designers just magically came up with an idea to make a whole collection on their own. Well, in some cases that is true but in most cases it’s not. A lot of our clothes that we wear now are actually influenced by the clothes from the 15th/16th century. That’s why the clothes from the 16th century and the clothes now are very similar in some ways through the way women wore then and the way they dress now, the way men dressed and the way men dress now and how the children dressed then and now. The women from the 16th century and the women now aren’t so different. Both women then and now spent so much money trying to get the latest trends. It was/is so expensive to try to get the newest clothes. About 18% of women’s salaries go towards clothes (ABA Journals. com. ) Both then and now, only the upper class can afford these new trends. The upper class women got the most beautiful gowns and clothes that were available because they had the money to be able to pay for the latest and newest trends. This is a picture of a beautiful upper class woman. She is wearing the most wonderful headpiece. (Realmofvenus. renaissanceitaly. net/wardrobe) It must of cost a lot of money to put this creation together. It’s the same with today, the more money you have the more clothes you have. Those clothes that you have are top of the line, made by the most renowned fashion designers on this planet. Now of days, women can really wear whatever they want. They don’t have to wear what everyone else is wearing, which back then was dresses, dresses and dresses. Clothing now reflects personality and creativity. It gives people some freedom, freedom that women back then didn’t really have. The men then and the men now have a lot of things in common. They both got all dressed up for special occasions. Men now usually just wear a suit but back then the men went all out! The most famous suit designers are Michael Kor’s and Calvin Klein (nymsuits. com) Puffing and slashing was the thing that was â€Å"in. † The men puffed and slashed everything from breeches to bodices to capes. Bodices were a tight-fitting Elizabethan arment covering the torso; plural because the body came in two parts which fastened in the middle (Dictionary. com) Both the men then and now also wear drawers or underwear. So that’s something else that the men then and now have in common. Basically, the kids in the 16th century had to wear what the adults wore. The boys wore what the men wore and the girls wore what the women wore. Well, the sizes were smaller. The babies on the other hand usually just wore onsies. What I mean by onsies is that they wore one piece of clothing that covered their entire body. Minus the head, neck and hands. Today, like adults, kids can really where what they want to. But, they do have some limits. In some private schools, kids are ordered to wear uniforms. Like the one below. (windstan. com) This is something that a girl must wear to school. When there is no dress code in your school kids can really wear whatever they want. In conclusion, the clothes now and the clothes back then aren’t really different cause the clothes then and now have similar designs and inspiraions.

The Role of Propaganda in Animal Farm - 1706 Words

Propaganda is the act of perverting information in order to influence the thoughts or actions of others. Propaganda is used in order to accomplish goals which cannot be attained in more honorable or more principled ways. In the novel, Animal Farm, George Orwell’s characters use various examples of propaganda in order to achieve and promote their own selfish desires. Animal Farm is an allegory using a farm as a metaphor of communist Russia under Stalin. The pigs in the novel, or Stalin’s supporters, use propaganda to persuade the other animals to revolt against Farmer Jones, who represents the Czar. Throughout the duration of the Russian Revolution, propaganda served the purpose of keeping Russia under Stalin’s control. After the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"‘What is that gun firing for?’ said Boxer. ‘To celebrate our victory!’ cried Squealer. ‘What victory?’ ‘What victory, comrade? Have we not driven the enemy off our soil†¦?’† This red herring is to assure the animals of how brilliant their â€Å"Comrade Napoleon† was, and that even after a defeat, they still praise and appreciate him. As we see, red herring is used to cause forgetfulness on a topic, which the user knows is false, to discourage attention. A final example of propaganda in the novel is sloganism. Sloganism consists of a brief and concise catchy maxim that is simple to retain. Because of this, it is declared and believed by all. The first example of this occurs in the beginning of the book after the revolution. The pigs construct â€Å"Seven Commandments† to which all animals that belong to Animal Farm must obey. The first of the six reads as following: â€Å"Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy† and the second law of â€Å"Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.† This, however, was difficult to rememb er, so the sheep originate a slogan – â€Å"Four legs good, two legs bad.† This locution creates a hatred for all humanity, thus expanding their faith to the higher authority – the pigs and Napoleon. The nextShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Propaganda in Animal Farm1255 Words   |  6 PagesRole of Propaganda in Animal Farm The novel, Animal Farm, is a well-known allegory written by George Orwell. As a satire of the Russian Revolution, Orwell portrays the rise of a cruel dictatorship and the mistreatment of the general population under it. Like the Communist government in Russia, the government in Animal Farm employs the use of many manipulative tools, especially propaganda. Propaganda was used by the pigs throughout the book, deceiving many of the animals. 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What is the message of the story that George Orwell creates? First of all, It all starts on Mr. Jones Farm, where Old Major (the elder pig), makes an announcement. He includes in his speech that one day the animals will revolt against the humansRead MoreEducation, Religion, And Propaganda1292 Words   |  6 Pages religion, and propaganda, what do all three things have in common? All three things can produce desirable outcomes if they are used correctly. Education can lead to more innovation, religion can improve a person’s well-being, and even propaganda can unite the public on certain issues. In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, a group of animals revolted against a repressive human-regime. After a series of conflict, Napoleon the pig became the dictator of the farm. 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